G‑d said to Moses: "Hew for yourself two tablets of stone like the first; and I will write upon these tablets the words that were on the first tablets, which you broke" (34:1)
G‑d said to Moses: Do not be distressed over the first tablets, which contained only the Ten Commandments. In the second tablets I am giving you also halachah, midrash and aggadah.
(Midrash Rabbah)
Had Israel not sinned with the Golden Calf, they would have received only the Five Books of Moses and the book of Joshua. Why? Because, as the verse (Ecclesiastes 1:18) says, "Much wisdom comes through much grief."
(Talmud, Nedarim 22b)
No man shall come up with you, nor let any man be seen throughout all the mountain (34:3)
The first tablets, which were given in great fanfare and noise, were destroyed, while the second tablets, given in private, endured. For there is no better trait than modesty.
(Rashi)
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